TY - JOUR
T1 - Abiotic Input of Fixed Nitrogen by Bolide Impacts to Gale Crater During the Hesperian
T2 - Insights From the Mars Science Laboratory
AU - Navarro-González, Rafael
AU - Navarro, Karina F.
AU - Coll, Patrice
AU - McKay, Christopher P.
AU - Stern, Jennifer C.
AU - Sutter, Brad
AU - Archer, P. Douglas
AU - Buch, Arnaud
AU - Cabane, Michel
AU - Conrad, Pamela G.
AU - Eigenbrode, Jennifer L.
AU - Franz, Heather B.
AU - Freissinet, Caroline
AU - Glavin, Daniel P.
AU - Hogancamp, Joanna V.
AU - McAdam, Amy C.
AU - Malespin, Charles A.
AU - Martín-Torres, F. Javier
AU - Ming, Douglas W.
AU - Morris, Richard V.
AU - Prats, Benny
AU - Raulin, François
AU - Rodríguez-Manfredi, José Antonio
AU - Szopa, Cyril
AU - Zorzano-Mier, María Paz
AU - Mahaffy, Paul R.
AU - Atreya, Sushil
AU - Trainer, Melissa G.
AU - Vasavada, Ashwin R.
N1 - Funding Information:
We acknowledge the NASA Mars Science Laboratory Program, Centre National d'?tudes Spatiales, the Universidad Nacional Aut?noma de M?xico (PAPIIT IN109416, IN111619, and PAPIME PE103216), and the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog?a de M?xico (CONACyT 220626) for their support. We thank Fred Calef for constructing Figure and appreciate the interest and support received from John P. Grotzinger and Joy A. Crisp throughout the Curiosity mission. The authors are grateful to the SAM and MSL teams for successful operation of the SAM instrument and the Curiosity rover. The data used in this paper are listed in the supporting information, figures, and references. SAM Data contained in this paper are publicly available through the NASA Planetary Data System at http://pds-geosciences.wustl.edu/missions/msl/sam.htm. We would like to express gratitude to Pierre-Yves Meslin from the Research Institute in Astrophysics and Planetology at Toulouse, France, and five anonymous reviewers whose comments/suggestions on earlier drafts helped improve and clarify this manuscript. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.
Funding Information:
We acknowledge the NASA Mars Science Laboratory Program, Centre National d'Études Spatiales, the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (PAPIIT IN109416, IN111619, and PAPIME PE103216), and the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de México (CONACyT 220626) for their support. We thank Fred Calef for constructing Figure 4 and appreciate the interest and support received from John P. Grotzinger and Joy A. Crisp throughout the Curiosity mission. The authors are grateful to the SAM and MSL teams for successful operation of the SAM instrument and the Curiosity rover. The data used in this paper are listed in the supporting information, figures, and references. SAM Data contained in this paper are publicly available through the NASA Planetary Data System at http://pds‐ geosciences.wustl.edu/missions/msl/ sam.htm. We would like to express gratitude to Pierre‐Yves Meslin from the Research Institute in Astrophysics and Planetology at Toulouse, France, and five anonymous reviewers whose comments/suggestions on earlier drafts helped improve and clarify this manuscript. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.
Publisher Copyright:
©2018. The Authors.
PY - 2019/1
Y1 - 2019/1
N2 - Molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) from volcanic emissions is suggested to warm the Martian surface when carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels dropped from the Noachian (4100 to 3700 Myr) to the Hesperian (3700 to 3000 Myr). Its presence is expected to shift the conversion of molecular nitrogen (N 2 ) into different forms of fixed nitrogen (N). Here we present experimental data and theoretical calculations that investigate the efficiency of nitrogen fixation by bolide impacts in CO 2 -N 2 atmospheres with or without H 2 . Surprisingly, nitric oxide (NO) was produced more efficiently in 20% H 2 in spite of being a reducing agent and not likely to increase the rate of nitrogen oxidation. Nevertheless, its presence led to a faster cooling of the shock wave raising the freeze-out temperature of NO resulting in an enhanced yield. We estimate that the nitrogen fixation rate by bolide impacts varied from 7 × 10 −4 to 2 × 10 −3 g N·Myr −1 ·cm −2 and could imply fluvial concentration to explain the nitrogen (1.4 ± 0.7 g N·Myr −1 ·cm −2 ) detected as nitrite (NO 2 − ) and nitrate (NO 3 − ) by Curiosity at Yellowknife Bay. One possible explanation is that the nitrogen detected in the lacustrine sediments at Gale was deposited entirely on the crater's surface and was subsequently dissolved and transported by superficial and ground waters to the lake during favorable wet climatic conditions. The nitrogen content sharply decreases in younger sediments of the Murray formation suggesting a decline of H 2 in the atmosphere and the rise of oxidizing conditions causing a shortage in the supply to putative microbial life.
AB - Molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) from volcanic emissions is suggested to warm the Martian surface when carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels dropped from the Noachian (4100 to 3700 Myr) to the Hesperian (3700 to 3000 Myr). Its presence is expected to shift the conversion of molecular nitrogen (N 2 ) into different forms of fixed nitrogen (N). Here we present experimental data and theoretical calculations that investigate the efficiency of nitrogen fixation by bolide impacts in CO 2 -N 2 atmospheres with or without H 2 . Surprisingly, nitric oxide (NO) was produced more efficiently in 20% H 2 in spite of being a reducing agent and not likely to increase the rate of nitrogen oxidation. Nevertheless, its presence led to a faster cooling of the shock wave raising the freeze-out temperature of NO resulting in an enhanced yield. We estimate that the nitrogen fixation rate by bolide impacts varied from 7 × 10 −4 to 2 × 10 −3 g N·Myr −1 ·cm −2 and could imply fluvial concentration to explain the nitrogen (1.4 ± 0.7 g N·Myr −1 ·cm −2 ) detected as nitrite (NO 2 − ) and nitrate (NO 3 − ) by Curiosity at Yellowknife Bay. One possible explanation is that the nitrogen detected in the lacustrine sediments at Gale was deposited entirely on the crater's surface and was subsequently dissolved and transported by superficial and ground waters to the lake during favorable wet climatic conditions. The nitrogen content sharply decreases in younger sediments of the Murray formation suggesting a decline of H 2 in the atmosphere and the rise of oxidizing conditions causing a shortage in the supply to putative microbial life.
KW - Curiosity
KW - Gale crater
KW - Mars
KW - bolide impacts
KW - nitrates
KW - nitrogen fixation
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85059967560&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85059967560&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1029/2018JE005852
DO - 10.1029/2018JE005852
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85059967560
SN - 2169-9097
VL - 124
SP - 94
EP - 113
JO - Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
JF - Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
IS - 1
ER -