TY - JOUR
T1 - Light irradiance through novel CAD–CAM block materials and degree of conversion of composite cements
AU - Lise, Diogo Pedrollo
AU - Van Ende, Annelies
AU - De Munck, Jan
AU - Yoshihara, Kumiko
AU - Nagaoka, Noriyuki
AU - Cardoso Vieira, Luiz Clovis
AU - Van Meerbeek, Bart
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported in part by the Brazilian Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education—CAPES (grant no. BEX 13930/13-3 ). The dental companies GC and Vita Zahnfabrik are gratefully acknowledged for the generous donation of materials for this study.
Funding Information:
This research was supported in part by the Brazilian Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education?CAPES (grant no. BEX 13930/13-3). The dental companies GC and Vita Zahnfabrik are gratefully acknowledged for the generous donation of materials for this study.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 The Academy of Dental Materials
PY - 2018/2/1
Y1 - 2018/2/1
N2 - Objective: To assess light irradiance (LI) delivered by two light-curing units (LCU's) and to measure the degree of conversion (DC) of three composite cements, when cured through different thicknesses of two novel CAD–CAM block materials. Methods: 100-μm-thick films of a dual-curable composite cement (G-CEM LinkAce, GC), a light-curable flowable resin-based composite (RBC) (G-ænial Universal Flo, GC) and a micro-hybrid RBC (G-ænial Posterior, GC) were investigated as luting agents. Two ‘polymer–ceramic’ CAD–CAM blocks (Cerasmart, GC; Enamic, Vita Zahnfabrik) were sectioned in slabs with different thicknesses (1, 3 and 5 mm). LI at the bottom of the specimens was measured using a calibrated spectrometer, while being light-cured through the CAD–CAM block slabs for 40 s with a low- (±500 mW/cm2) or high- (±1,600 mW/cm2) irradiance LCU (n = 5). After light-curing, micro-Raman spectra of the composite films were acquired to determine DC at 5 min, 10 min, 1 h and 24 h. LI data were statistically analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis followed by post-hoc comparisons, while a linear mixed-effect model was applied for the DC analysis. In addition, the CAD–CAM blocks ultrastructure was characterized upon argon-ion slicing using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Finally, light transmission (LT) through each CAD–CAM block material was assessed using a spectrophotometer. Results: Curing-light attenuation and DC were significantly influenced by thickness and type of the overlying material. LCU only had a significant effect on DC of the micro-hybrid RBC. DC significantly increased over time for all composite cements. CAD–CAM block structural analysis revealed a relatively small and homogenous filler configuration (mean filler size of 0.2–0.5 μm) for Cerasmart, while Enamic contained ceramic grains varying in shape and size (1–10 μm), which were interconnected by the polymer-based network. LT was much higher at a wavelength range of 300–800 nm for Cerasmart than for Enamic. Significance: Light-curable composite cements can be cured through a restoration up to 2.7-mm thickness, depending on the kind of CAD–CAM material. A high-irradiance LCU only has a limited effect on the maximum thickness of the polymer–ceramic CAD–CAM material that can be cured through.
AB - Objective: To assess light irradiance (LI) delivered by two light-curing units (LCU's) and to measure the degree of conversion (DC) of three composite cements, when cured through different thicknesses of two novel CAD–CAM block materials. Methods: 100-μm-thick films of a dual-curable composite cement (G-CEM LinkAce, GC), a light-curable flowable resin-based composite (RBC) (G-ænial Universal Flo, GC) and a micro-hybrid RBC (G-ænial Posterior, GC) were investigated as luting agents. Two ‘polymer–ceramic’ CAD–CAM blocks (Cerasmart, GC; Enamic, Vita Zahnfabrik) were sectioned in slabs with different thicknesses (1, 3 and 5 mm). LI at the bottom of the specimens was measured using a calibrated spectrometer, while being light-cured through the CAD–CAM block slabs for 40 s with a low- (±500 mW/cm2) or high- (±1,600 mW/cm2) irradiance LCU (n = 5). After light-curing, micro-Raman spectra of the composite films were acquired to determine DC at 5 min, 10 min, 1 h and 24 h. LI data were statistically analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis followed by post-hoc comparisons, while a linear mixed-effect model was applied for the DC analysis. In addition, the CAD–CAM blocks ultrastructure was characterized upon argon-ion slicing using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Finally, light transmission (LT) through each CAD–CAM block material was assessed using a spectrophotometer. Results: Curing-light attenuation and DC were significantly influenced by thickness and type of the overlying material. LCU only had a significant effect on DC of the micro-hybrid RBC. DC significantly increased over time for all composite cements. CAD–CAM block structural analysis revealed a relatively small and homogenous filler configuration (mean filler size of 0.2–0.5 μm) for Cerasmart, while Enamic contained ceramic grains varying in shape and size (1–10 μm), which were interconnected by the polymer-based network. LT was much higher at a wavelength range of 300–800 nm for Cerasmart than for Enamic. Significance: Light-curable composite cements can be cured through a restoration up to 2.7-mm thickness, depending on the kind of CAD–CAM material. A high-irradiance LCU only has a limited effect on the maximum thickness of the polymer–ceramic CAD–CAM material that can be cured through.
KW - CAD–CAM
KW - Composite cement
KW - Degree of conversion
KW - Light spectrometer
KW - Micro-Raman
KW - STEM
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U2 - 10.1016/j.dental.2017.11.008
DO - 10.1016/j.dental.2017.11.008
M3 - Article
C2 - 29169661
AN - SCOPUS:85034591439
SN - 0109-5641
VL - 34
SP - 296
EP - 305
JO - Dental Materials
JF - Dental Materials
IS - 2
ER -