TY - JOUR
T1 - Performance and emission studies of a common rail turbocharged diesel electric generator fueled with emulsifier free water/diesel emulsion
AU - Mohd Tamam, Mohamad Qayyum
AU - Yahya, Wira Jazair
AU - Ithnin, Ahmad Muhsin
AU - Abdullah, Nik Rosli
AU - Kadir, Hasannuddin Abdul
AU - Rahman, Md Mujibur
AU - Rahman, Hasbullah Abdul
AU - Abu Mansor, Mohd Radzi
AU - Noge, Hirofumi
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors would like to express their sincerest gratitude towards Advanced Vehicle Systems Laboratory, Malaysia-Japan Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) for providing laboratory facilities, expertise, and continuous support necessary for the completion of this research. The authors would also like to thank UTM for valuable financial support through UTM High Impact Research Grant ( Q.K130000.2443.08G98 ).
Funding Information:
UHC variations of test fuels under increasing engine loads are presented in Fig. 9. In general, as engine load increases, UHC emissions was found to decrease for all test fuels. As UHC is also an indicator of incomplete combustion similar to CO, it is argued that as engine loads rises from 20% to 60%, UHC emissions experience similar reductions to CO due to enhanced combustion, as supported by similar trends observed previously in BTE and BSFC. Interestingly, under high load condition at 80%, UHC emissions showed the opposite trend to CO, BTE and BSFC as a further reduction is observed. Moreover, addition of water into W/D emulsions did not affect UHC emissions at 80% load since relatively similar emissions were observed throughout all water percentages. It is possible that UHC produced during combustion has partially oxidized to CO but were unable to further complete combustion due to less contact with oxygen particles resulting from lower air-fuel ratio. Similar trends were previously reported [60], where reductions in UHC emissions with increasing engine load was explained due to more efficient combustion. On the other hand, several literatures documented increasing UHC emissions with increasing loads [28,61] as the result of richer air–fuel mixture. Meanwhile, several others reported no significant changes in UHC emissions [62,63]. Moreover, it was observed that between lower to middle load conditions (20%–60%), UHC emissions increases as water percentage in W/D emulsion fuel increases up to a peak point at approximately between 5 wt% to 10 wt% water content. At 20% load, a substantial increase of UHC at 131.46% is observed for 7.6 wt% of water in W/D emulsion, where a peak value of 79.36 g/kWh of UHC is recorded. Similarly, at both 40% and 60% loads, a maximum increase of 74.79% and 235.35% were recorded for 9.43 wt% and 8.66 wt% of water in W/D emulsions. This brings about a peak emissions value of 20.86 g/kWh and 26.33 g/kWh respectively for both loads. It can be explained that under partial loading, combustion temperature is relatively low due to evaporation of water in W/D emulsions, leading to incomplete combustion manifested by increased UHC emissions [58]. This reasoning is supported a previous study by Vellaiyan [48], using water-soybean biodiesel emulsions. It was reported that similar increases of UHC was observed under low engine loads which is related to incomplete combustion resulting from heat absorbed by water particles during evaporation. However, as water content reaches between 14% and 16%, UHC emissions are reduced to a minimum value where UHC emissions are 2.07 g/kWh, 1.59 g/kWh and 1.92 g/kWh respectively for 20%, 40% and 60% engine loads. Such relatively lower UHC emission continues to be observed as water percentage reaches between 18% and 22%. It is argued that between 14 wt% to 22 wt% water content, W/D emulsion underwent enhanced premixed combustion as the result of increased ignition delay period as more water is introduced in the W/D emulsion [64]. Furthermore, micro-explosion of water droplets assists in improving air-fuel mixing and fuel combustion [65].This research was funded by UTM High Impact Research Grant No. Q. K130000.2443.08G98.The authors would like to express their sincerest gratitude towards Advanced Vehicle Systems Laboratory, Malaysia-Japan Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) for providing laboratory facilities, expertise, and continuous support necessary for the completion of this research. The authors would also like to thank UTM for valuable financial support through UTM High Impact Research Grant (Q.K130000.2443.08G98).
Funding Information:
This research was funded by UTM High Impact Research Grant No. Q. K130000.2443.08G98 .
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2023/4/1
Y1 - 2023/4/1
N2 - In present study, performance and emissions of a 100 kVA common rail turbocharged diesel engine electric generator installed with an emulsifier free emulsion fuel supply system, known as Real-Time Non-Surfactant Emulsion Fuel Supply System (RTES) was investigated experimentally. This system uses a novel mixing system design upgraded from previous RTES design, with an omission of ultrasonic agitator component. In this system, water was injected into an emulsification device where water and diesel fuel were mixed and supplied to the engine as an emulsion fuel. It was found that water-in-diesel emulsions produced from this system increased the engine's Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) to a maximum point of 42.7%, a marked increase of 28.6% from the base diesel. Furthermore, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) was reduced as water percentage increases. Additionally, Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions and smoke opacity were also reduced. However, water-in-diesel emulsion emitted increased carbon monoxide (CO) in lower to middle loads before a reduction was observed in higher loads. Interestingly, unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) emission reduced substantially for water-in-diesel emulsions with water percentages between 14% and 22%. In short, emulsifier free emulsion fuel produced by RTES was able to improve thermal efficiency and reduce fuel consumption and harmful emissions.
AB - In present study, performance and emissions of a 100 kVA common rail turbocharged diesel engine electric generator installed with an emulsifier free emulsion fuel supply system, known as Real-Time Non-Surfactant Emulsion Fuel Supply System (RTES) was investigated experimentally. This system uses a novel mixing system design upgraded from previous RTES design, with an omission of ultrasonic agitator component. In this system, water was injected into an emulsification device where water and diesel fuel were mixed and supplied to the engine as an emulsion fuel. It was found that water-in-diesel emulsions produced from this system increased the engine's Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) to a maximum point of 42.7%, a marked increase of 28.6% from the base diesel. Furthermore, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) was reduced as water percentage increases. Additionally, Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions and smoke opacity were also reduced. However, water-in-diesel emulsion emitted increased carbon monoxide (CO) in lower to middle loads before a reduction was observed in higher loads. Interestingly, unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) emission reduced substantially for water-in-diesel emulsions with water percentages between 14% and 22%. In short, emulsifier free emulsion fuel produced by RTES was able to improve thermal efficiency and reduce fuel consumption and harmful emissions.
KW - Diesel engine
KW - Emulsion fuel
KW - Engine performance
KW - Exhaust emission
KW - Water-in-diesel
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U2 - 10.1016/j.energy.2023.126704
DO - 10.1016/j.energy.2023.126704
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85146458824
SN - 0360-5442
VL - 268
JO - Energy
JF - Energy
M1 - 126704
ER -
