TY - JOUR
T1 - Stomatal immunity against fungal invasion comprises not only chitin-induced stomatal closure but also chitosan-induced guard cell death
AU - Ye, Wenxiu
AU - Munemasa, Shintaro
AU - Shinya, Tomonori
AU - Wu, Wei
AU - Ma, Tao
AU - Lu, Jiang
AU - Kinoshita, Toshinori
AU - Kaku, Hanae
AU - Shibuya, Naoto
AU - Murata, Yoshiyuki
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank Dr. Yoshitake Desaki (Meiji University) for preparing materials; Dr. Julian I. Schroeder (University of California San Diego) for providing seeds of slac1-1, SLAC1-WT, SLAC1-S59A, SLAC1-S120A, and SLAC1-S59A S120A; Dr. Takashi Hirayama (Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University) for providing abi1-1C and abi2-1C seeds; and Dr. Yuichiro Takahashi (Okayama University) and Dr. Kazuhiro Toyoda (Okayama University) for the use of the BAS imaging analyzer FLA-7000 and imaging plates. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31901984 to W.Y.); the Start-up Fund from Shanghai Jiao Tong University (WF220515002 to W.Y.); Grants-in-Aid for Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Fellows (267977 and 17F17091 to W.Y.) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, National Key R & D Program of China (100300 to J.L.); the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (18391900400 to J.L.); the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-29-yc-2 to J.L.); Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (15H05956 to T.K.) and the Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program from the Japan Science and Technology Agency (to T.K.); Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (15H01240 to H.K.); and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)-Supported Program for the Strategic Research Foundation at Private Universities 2014?2018 (S1411023 to H.K.) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan.
Funding Information:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We thank Dr. Yoshitake Desaki (Meiji University) for preparing materials; Dr. Julian I. Schroeder (University of California San Diego) for providing seeds of slac1-1, SLAC1-WT, SLAC1-S59A, SLAC1-S120A, and SLAC1-S59A S120A; Dr. Takashi Hirayama (Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University) for providing abi1-1C and abi2-1C seeds; and Dr. Yuichiro Takahashi (Okayama University) and Dr. Kazuhiro Toyoda (Okayama University) for the use of the BAS imaging analyzer FLA-7000 and imaging plates. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31901984 to W.Y.); the Start-up Fund from Shanghai Jiao Tong University (WF220515002 to W.Y.); Grants-in-Aid for Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Fellows (267977 and 17F17091 to W.Y.) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, National Key R & D Program of China (100300 to J.L.); the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (18391900400 to J.L.); the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-29-yc-2 to J.L.); Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (15H05956 to T.K.) and the Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program from the Japan Science and Technology Agency (to T.K.); Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (15H01240 to H.K.); and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)-Supported Program for the Strategic Research Foundation at Private Universities 2014–2018 (S1411023 to H.K.) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
PY - 2020/8/25
Y1 - 2020/8/25
N2 - Many pathogenic fungi exploit stomata as invasion routes, causing destructive diseases of major cereal crops. Intensive interaction is expected to occur between guard cells and fungi. In the present study, we took advantage of well-conserved molecules derived from the fungal cell wall, chitin oligosaccharide (CTOS), and chitosan oligosaccharide (CSOS) to study how guard cells respond to fungal invasion. In Arabidopsis, CTOS induced stomatal closure through a signaling mediated by its receptor CERK1, Ca2+, and a major S-type anion channel, SLAC1. CSOS, which is converted from CTOS by chitin deacetylases from invading fungi, did not induce stomatal closure, suggesting that this conversion is a fungal strategy to evade stomatal closure. At higher concentrations, CSOS but not CTOS induced guard cell death in a manner dependent on Ca2+ but not CERK1. These results suggest that stomatal immunity against fungal invasion comprises not only CTOS-induced stomatal closure but also CSOS-induced guard cell death.
AB - Many pathogenic fungi exploit stomata as invasion routes, causing destructive diseases of major cereal crops. Intensive interaction is expected to occur between guard cells and fungi. In the present study, we took advantage of well-conserved molecules derived from the fungal cell wall, chitin oligosaccharide (CTOS), and chitosan oligosaccharide (CSOS) to study how guard cells respond to fungal invasion. In Arabidopsis, CTOS induced stomatal closure through a signaling mediated by its receptor CERK1, Ca2+, and a major S-type anion channel, SLAC1. CSOS, which is converted from CTOS by chitin deacetylases from invading fungi, did not induce stomatal closure, suggesting that this conversion is a fungal strategy to evade stomatal closure. At higher concentrations, CSOS but not CTOS induced guard cell death in a manner dependent on Ca2+ but not CERK1. These results suggest that stomatal immunity against fungal invasion comprises not only CTOS-induced stomatal closure but also CSOS-induced guard cell death.
KW - Ca signaling
KW - Chitin oligosaccharide
KW - Chitosan oligosaccharide
KW - Fungal resistance
KW - Stomatal immunity
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U2 - 10.1073/pnas.1922319117
DO - 10.1073/pnas.1922319117
M3 - Article
C2 - 32778594
AN - SCOPUS:85090068247
SN - 0027-8424
VL - 117
SP - 20932
EP - 20942
JO - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
IS - 34
ER -