@article{48194911d6b149d39c8f4395d3553971,
title = "The membrane topology of ALMT1, an aluminum-activated malate transport protein in wheat (Triticum aestivum)",
abstract = "The wheat ALMT1 gene encodes an aluminum (Al)-activated malate transport protein which confers Al-resistance. We investigated the membrane topology of this plasma-membrane localized protein with immunocytochemical techniques. Several green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fused and histidtne (His)-tagged chimeras of ALMT1 were prepared based on a computer-predicted secondary structure and transiently expressed in cultured mammalian cells. Antibodies raised to polypeptide epitopes of ALMT1 were used in conjunction with the antibody to the His-tags to determine the topology of ALMT1. This study shows that the ALMT1 protein contains six transmembrane domains with the amino and carboxyl termini located on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane.",
keywords = "ALMT1, Aluminum resistance, Immunofluorescent staining, Malate transporter, Topology, Triticum aestivum",
author = "Hirotoshi Motoda and Takayuki Sasaki and Yoshio Kano and Ryan, {Peter R.} and Emmanuel Delhaize and Hideaki Matsumoto and Yoko Yamamoto",
note = "Funding Information: We used a computer-generated model as a basis for determining efflux. the secondary structure of the novel malate transporter ALMT1. Acknowledgements Our immunocytochemical analyses (Figs. 2–4) generated a model We thank Yasuo Niwa (Univ. Shizuoka, Japan) for kindly where both the Nand C-terminal ends of ALMT1 are extracellular providing the pTH2 vector carrying the GFP gene. This work was (Fig. 5). Although our experimental evidence largely agrees with the supported in part by Grant Program of The Sumitomo Foundation, computer model, the first transmembrane domain predicted by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Nos. 17380049, 17078007, TMHMM algorithm was, in fact, found not to span the membrane 18208008) and Special Educational Study on “Crop Improvement but to be orientated extracellularly. Putative loops L2, L4 and L6 face by Gene Analyses” from the Ministry of Education, Culture, the cytosol while the localization of L3 and L5 remains equivocal Sports, Science and Technology of Japan, “2006 Research Grant for since the antibodies did not recognize the peptides and/or His Encouragement of Students” and the COE program “Establishment epitopes on these regions. It is possible that the L3 and L5 regions of Plant Health Science” from Okayama University and Ohara",
year = "2007",
doi = "10.4161/psb.2.6.4801",
language = "English",
volume = "2",
pages = "467--472",
journal = "Plant Signaling and Behavior",
issn = "1559-2316",
publisher = "Landes Bioscience",
number = "6",
}