Updates on Intracranial Artery Stenosis

In this article, we present updates on intracranial artery stenosis. Intracranial artery stenosis is attributable to various pathophysiology. Outcomes of medical treatment for atherosclerotic intracranial artery stenosis have improved due to advancement of antithrombotic agents and anti‒atherosclerotic treatment. It is important to quantitatively assess intracranial hemodynamics and to lower perioperative complication rate in bypass surgery for atherosclerotic intracranial artery stenosis and occlusion. In recent years, new findings of both ischemic and hemorrhagic moyamoya disease have been reported and more specific surgical indications for moyamoya disease are possibly established. Pediatric cerebrovascular disease is created as a new item in Japanese guidelines for the management of stroke 2021. Focal cerebral arteriopathy is published in the guidelines and it is one of the critical etiologies for acute ischemic stroke in children.