Lysyl oxidase-like protein secreted from an acidophilic red alga, Cyanidium caldarium

Cyanidium caldarium is a primitive acidophilic red alga which grown optimally at pH 1–3. When the alga was cultured at pH 6, which is the upper limit of acidity for its survival, most of the algal cells became large cells with four endospores which did not split into daughter cells. This suggests that the alga survives in the endospore state at pH 6 to protect against nutrient uptake deficiency due to low pH gradient across the cell membranes. The alga was also found to secrete an extracellular protein specifically at pH 6. The protein was identified to be lysyl oxidase-like protein, which had been reported to be widely distributed in the animal kingdom but not yet found in the plant kingdom. In the plant kingdom, only two primitive acidophilic algae, C. caldarium and Cyanidioschyzon merolae, possess a gene encoding this protein.