Parn-like proteins regulate gene expression in land plant mitochondria by modulating mrna polyadenylation

Mitochondria have their own double-stranded DNA genomes and systems to regulate transcription, mRNA processing, and translation. These systems differ from those operating in the host cell, and among eukaryotes. In recent decades, studies have revealed several plant-specific fea-tures of mitochondrial gene regulation. The polyadenylation status of mRNA is critical for its stability and translation in mitochondria. In this short review, I focus on recent advances in under-standing the mechanisms regulating mRNA polyadenylation in plant mitochondria, including the role of poly(A)-specific ribonuclease-like proteins (PARNs). Accumulating evidence suggests that plant mitochondria have unique regulatory systems for mRNA poly(A) status and that PARNs play pivotal roles in these systems.